Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.

Publication Type:

Journal Article

Source:

JAMA, Volume 301, Issue 19, p.2005-15 (2009)

Keywords:

Aged, Cognitive Therapy, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Male, Middle Aged, Polysomnography, Pyridines, Sleep, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

Abstract:

<p><b>CONTEXT: </b>Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and hypnotic medications are efficacious for short-term treatment of insomnia, but few patients achieve complete remission with any single treatment. It is unclear whether combined or maintenance therapies would enhance outcome.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVES: </b>To evaluate the added value of medication over CBT alone for acute treatment of insomnia and the effects of maintenance therapies on long-term outcome.</p><p><b>DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: </b>Prospective, randomized controlled trial involving 2-stage therapy for 160 adults with persistent insomnia treated at a university hospital sleep center in Canada between January 2002 and April 2005.</p><p><b>INTERVENTIONS: </b>Participants received CBT alone or CBT plus 10 mg/d (taken at bedtime) of zolpidem for an initial 6-week therapy, followed by extended 6-month therapy. Patients initially treated with CBT attended monthly maintenance CBT for 6 months or received no additional treatment and those initially treated with combined therapy (CBT plus 10 mg/d of zolpidem) continued with CBT plus intermittent use of zolpidem or CBT only.</p><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: </b>Sleep onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency derived from daily diaries (primary outcomes); treatment response and remission rates derived from the Insomnia Severity Index (secondary outcomes).</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>Cognitive behavioral therapy used singly or in combination with zolpidem produced significant improvements in sleep latency, time awake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency during initial therapy (all P<.001); a larger increase of sleep time was obtained with the combined approach (P = .04). Both CBT alone and CBT plus zolpidem produced similar rates of treatment responders (60% [45/75] vs 61% [45/74], respectively; P = .84) and treatment remissions (39% [29/75] vs 44% [33/74], respectively; P = .52) with the 6-week acute treatment, but combined therapy produced a higher remission rate compared with CBT alone during the 6-month extended therapy phase and the 6-month follow-up period (56% [43/74 and 32/59] vs 43% [34/75 and 28/68]; P = .05). The best long-term outcome was obtained with patients treated with combined therapy initially, followed by CBT alone, as evidenced by higher remission rates at the 6-month follow-up compared with patients who continued to take zolpidem during extended therapy (68% [20/30] vs 42% [12/29]; P = .04).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>In patients with persistent insomnia, the addition of medication to CBT produced added benefits during acute therapy, but long-term outcome was optimized when medication is discontinued during maintenance CBT.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION: </b>clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00042146.</p>

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